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    146 research outputs found

    Benzothiazinones kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis by blocking arabinan synthesis

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    'American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)'
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    New drugs are required to counter the tuberculosis (TB) pandemic. Here, we describe the synthesis and characterization of 1,3-benzothiazin-4-ones (BTZs), a new class of antimycobacterial agents that kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro, ex vivo, and in mouse models of TB. Using genetics and biochemistry, we identified the enzyme decaprenylphosphoryl-beta-d-ribose 2'-epimerase as a major BTZ target. Inhibition of this enzymatic activity abolishes the formation of decaprenylphosphoryl arabinose, a key precursor that is required for the synthesis of the cell-wall arabinans, thus provoking cell lysis and bacterial death. The most advanced compound, BTZ043, is a candidate for inclusion in combination therapies for both drug-sensitive and extensively drug-resistant TB
    Infoscience - École polytechnique fĂ©dĂ©rale de Lausanne
    CiteSeerX
    Crossref
    Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - UniversitĂ  degli Studi di Pavia
    PubMed Central
    Warwick Research Archives Portal Repository
    Sussex Research Online

    Efect of maleated anhydride on mechanical properties of rice husk filler reinforced PLA Matrix Polymer Composite

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    Springer
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    Polylactic acid (PLA) formulated from corn starch has a bright potential to replace the non-renewable petroleum-based plastics. The combination of PLA and natural fbre has gained interest due to its unique performance, as reported in many researches and industries. Meanwhile, rice husk produced as the by-product of rice milling can be utilised, unless it is turned completely into waste. Therefore, in the present study, the rice husk powder (RHP) was used as a fller in the PLA, so to determine the infuence of the fller loading on the mechanical properties of the PLA composite. A coupling agent was selected for treatment from two options, i.e., maleic anhydride polypropylene (MAPP) and maleic anhydride polyethylene (MAPE), by applying the agents with various loading contents, such as 2, 4 and 6 wt%. The composite was fabricated by using the hot compression machine. Both the treated and untreated RHP–PLA composites were characterised via the tensile, fexural and impact strength tests. The increase in the RHP loading content led to the decrease in the tensile and fexural strengths. The applications of the coupling agents (MAPE and MAPP) did not improve the tensile and impact strengths, but the fexural strength was enhanced
    UTHM Institutional Repository
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    UMP Institutional Repository

    Who Uses Financial Reports and for What Purpose? Evidence from Capital Providers

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    'Elsevier BV'
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    Crossref

    The Role of Information and Financial Reporting in Corporate Governance and Debt Contracting

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    ScholarlyCommons
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    We review recent literature on the role of financial reporting transparency in reducing governance-related agency conflicts among managers, directors, and shareholders, as well as in reducing agency conflicts between shareholders and creditors, and offer researchers some suggested avenues for future research. Key themes include the endogenous nature of debt contracts and governance mechanisms with respect to information asymmetry between contracting parties, the heterogeneous nature of the informational demands of contracting parties, and the heterogeneous nature of the resulting governance and debt contracts. We also emphasize the role of a commitment to financial reporting transparency in facilitating informal multiperiod contracts among managers, directors, shareholders, and creditors
    DSpace@MIT
    Crossref
    ScholarlyCommons@Penn

    Time-varying managerial overconfidence and pecking order preference

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    'Springer Science and Business Media LLC'
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    This paper examines whether managerial overconfidence enhances or weakens pecking order preference. We construct time-varying managerial words-based (i.e. tone of Chairman’s Statement) and action-based (i.e. firm investment and directors’ trading) overconfidence measures. Both optimistic tone and industry-adjusted investment have significant and negative impacts on the pecking order coefficient in the Shyam-Sunder and Myers (J Financ Econ 51:219–244, 1999) regression framework. Overconfident managers tend to use more equity than debt to finance deficits. This new evidence is consistent with the proposition that overconfident managers who underestimate the riskiness of future earnings believe that their debt (equity) is undervalued (overvalued) and therefore prefer equity to debt financing. Thus, managerial overconfidence can lead to a reverse pecking order preference. We also find that managerial overconfidence significantly weakens pecking order preference especially in firms with high earnings volatility and small firms
    Queen's University Belfast Research Portal
    Crossref
    Loughborough University Institutional Repository
    White Rose Research Online

    The role of demographics in small business loan pricing

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    'Springer Science and Business Media LLC'
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    To sustain growth in an aging economy, it is important to ease the financing of small firms by bank loans. Using bank internal data of small business loans in Germany, we examine the determinants of loan rates in the period 1995-2010. Beyond characteristics of the firm, the loan contract, and the lending relationship, demographic aspects matter. However, collateral and relationship lending play a larger role in loan pricing than the entrepreneur's age. Banks do not seem to discriminate older borrowers by higher loan rates. We rather find statistical discrimination of younger borrowers because of their lower wealth. Single entrepreneurs obtain cheaper loans than married ones. Firms in peripheral regions with low population density are disadvantaged by higher loan rates compared to those in agglomerated regions
    Crossref
    EconStor (ZBW Kiel)

    A communal catalogue reveals Earth's multiscale microbial diversity

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    Our growing awareness of the microbial world's importance and diversity contrasts starkly with our limited understanding of its fundamental structure. Despite recent advances in DNA sequencing, a lack of standardized protocols and common analytical frameworks impedes comparisons among studies, hindering the development of global inferences about microbial life on Earth. Here we present a meta-analysis of microbial community samples collected by hundreds of researchers for the Earth Microbiome Project. Coordinated protocols and new analytical methods, particularly the use of exact sequences instead of clustered operational taxonomic units, enable bacterial and archaeal ribosomal RNA gene sequences to be followed across multiple studies and allow us to explore patterns of diversity at an unprecedented scale. The result is both a reference database giving global context to DNA sequence data and a framework for incorporating data from future studies, fostering increasingly complete characterization of Earth's microbial diversity.Peer reviewe
    LAReferencia - Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones CientĂ­ficas Latinoamericanas
    University of Groningen
    Plymouth Marine Science Electronic Archive (PlyMSEA)
    Warwick Research Archives Portal Repository
    UNSWorks
    USC Research Bank - University of the Sunshine Coast
    Aquila Digital Community (University of Southern Mississippi, USM)
    Proceedings - University of Groningen
    CONICET Digital
    Publications at Bielefeld University
    Bangor University Research Portal
    University of Melbourne Institutional Repository
    OceanRep
    E-space: Manchester Metropolitan University's Research Repository
    Louisiana State University
    EUSpace
    Helsingin yliopiston digitaalinen arkisto
    HAL-CIRAD
    Repository for Publications and Research Data
    Archivio della ricerca - UniversitĂ  degli studi di Napoli Federico II
    Crossref
    ARTS repository - University of Groningen
    eScholarship - University of California
    University of East Anglia digital repository
    Dissertations of the University of Groningen

    A communal catalogue reveals Earth’s multiscale microbial diversity

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    Publication venue
    'Springer Science and Business Media LLC'
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    Our growing awareness of the microbial world’s importance and diversity contrasts starkly with our limited understanding of its fundamental structure. Despite recent advances in DNA sequencing, a lack of standardized protocols and common analytical frameworks impedes comparisons among studies, hindering the development of global inferences about microbial life on Earth. Here we present a meta-analysis of microbial community samples collected by hundreds of researchers for the Earth Microbiome Project. Coordinated protocols and new analytical methods, particularly the use of exact sequences instead of clustered operational taxonomic units, enable bacterial and archaeal ribosomal RNA gene sequences to be followed across multiple studies and allow us to explore patterns of diversity at an unprecedented scale. The result is both a reference database giving global context to DNA sequence data and a framework for incorporating data from future studies, fostering increasingly complete characterization of Earth’s microbial diversity
    University of Groningen
    Plymouth Marine Science Electronic Archive (PlyMSEA)
    Warwick Research Archives Portal Repository
    UNSWorks
    USC Research Bank - University of the Sunshine Coast
    arXiv.org e-Print Archive
    CiteSeerX
    CONICET Digital
    Copenhagen University Research Information System
    Publications at Bielefeld University
    Bangor University Research Portal
    University of Melbourne Institutional Repository
    OceanRep
    E-space: Manchester Metropolitan University's Research Repository
    Wageningen University & Research Publications
    AUT Scholarly Commons
    EUSpace
    Helsingin yliopiston digitaalinen arkisto
    HAL-CIRAD
    Repository for Publications and Research Data
    Archivio della ricerca - UniversitĂ  degli studi di Napoli Federico II
    Crossref
    OAKTrust Digital Repository (Texas A&M Univ)
    University of East Anglia digital repository
    CERN Document Server

    Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

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    'Informa UK Limited'
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    Institutional Research Information System University of Turin

    Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)1.

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    'Informa UK Limited'
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    In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field
    PEARL (Univ. of Plymouth)
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